I think in this case, it’s the proper nouns that should be used. If we learned it as Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghèguò (or at least whichever part of that translates to “China”), it wouldn’t be too bad. There’s not much point in also using the Cantonese versions of “country”, “language”, etc., since most languages have their own analogue for these concepts

A demonym is a noun that specifically refers to a person from a particular location; you can’t use it as an adjective.

So in your second list, a school can’t be a Muscovite, since it isn’t a person. You could have met a Muscovite at the school in Moscow.

You would just say that you dated a Londoner. You would then use an adjective to describe the Londoner further (a female Londoner) or make the sentence longer and a bit clunkier IMO (a Londoner who was a woman)

The Exynos, M series, and Qualcomm chips are all ARM architecture, as opposed to the AMD and Intel CPUs, which are x86.

Because of this, the majority of software wouldn’t natively work on them. Apple has obviously developed versions of many programs that function on their laptops, and could extend the same treatment to the hypothetical desktop product. The other chip companies do not have this benefit, and would have to develop supported software from the ground up